Dysmenorrhoea

Dysmenorrhoea, commonly known as menstrual cramps or painful periods, refers to the pain and discomfort that many women experience before or during menstruation. While menstrual cramps are common, severe dysmenorrhoea can significantly impact daily activities and quality of life. The primary cause of dysmenorrhoea is the release of prostaglandins, hormone-like substances that trigger uterine contractions to expel the lining of the uterus during menstruation. Higher levels of prostaglandins can lead to stronger and more painful contractions, resulting in menstrual cramps.

Primary Dysmenorrhoea: This type of dysmenorrhoea is not associated with any underlying medical condition. It typically begins shortly after a woman starts menstruating during adolescence and may improve with age or after childbirth.

Secondary Dysmenorrhoea: This type of dysmenorrhoea is caused by an underlying medical condition such as endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), or adenomyosis. Treatment of the underlying condition is necessary to alleviate symptoms.

Symptoms

Symptoms of dysmenorrhoea may include:

Cramping Pain: Dull or throbbing pain in the lower abdomen that may radiate to the lower back or thighs.
Nausea: Some women may experience nausea or vomiting along with menstrual cramps.
Diarrhea: Changes in bowel movements, such as diarrhea or loose stools, may occur during menstruation.
Headaches: Some women may experience headaches or dizziness.

Management and Treatment

Management of dysmenorrhoea depends on its severity and underlying cause:

Pain Relief: Over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen can help reduce prostaglandin levels and relieve pain.
Heat Therapy: Applying a heating pad or warm compress to the lower abdomen can help relax muscles and alleviate cramps.
Hormonal Therapy: Birth control pills or other hormonal contraceptives may help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce the severity of dysmenorrhoea.
Lifestyle Modifications: Regular exercise, stress management techniques, and a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may help reduce symptoms.