Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a chronic condition where tissue similar to the lining inside the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus. This tissue can be found on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, outer surface of the uterus, and other organs within the pelvic region. It responds to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, leading to inflammation, pain, and the formation of scar tissue.

Pelvic pain that intensifies before and during menstruation
Painful periods (dysmenorrhea)
Pain during intercourse (dyspareunia)
Chronic pelvic pain outside of menstruation
Heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia)
Difficulty conceiving (infertility)

Causes

The exact cause of endometriosis is not fully understood, but several theories exist. Retrograde menstruation, where menstrual blood flows backward through the fallopian tubes and into the pelvic cavity, is one possible cause. Other theories suggest genetic factors, immune system disorders, or environmental factors may contribute to the development of endometriosis.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing endometriosis typically involves a combination of medical history, pelvic examination, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. The definitive diagnosis is often made through laparoscopy, a surgical procedure where a small camera is inserted into the abdomen to view and remove abnormal tissue for biopsy.

Treatment for endometriosis focuses on relieving symptoms and may include:

Pain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Hormonal therapies to suppress menstruation and reduce the growth of endometrial tissue
Surgery to remove endometrial implants and scar tissue (laparoscopic surgery)